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Pipes and Redirection

A number of Dos commands send output to the screen and/or require input from the user. Redirection is a mechanism whereby the output of a command can be fed either to some other device (eg a printer or file) or to another program or command. There are four redirection functions: > Redirect output >> Append < Redirect input | Pipe > Redirects a command's output from the "standard output device" (usually the monitor) to another device (eg printer) or a file. Syntax: To redirect output to a device: Command > Device To redirect output to a file: Command > Filename Notes: Acceptable Device names are: CON (Monitor); PRN (LPT1 - assumed to be the printer); LPT1 - 3 (Parallel Ports - usually connected to a printer); COM 1 - 4 (Serial Ports); and NUL (an electronic void). If anything other than a recognised device is specified, it is assumed to be the name of a file. If a file already exists with the specified Filename, it is overwritten without any warnings. Examples: Probably the most common uses of this redirection function is to send directory listings to the printer or to save them as a file. (One of Windows Explorer's biggest weaknesses is that it does not enable either of these operations). To print out a sorted directory listing of all files in the Windows directory: DIR c:\windows /o/a > PRN To create a file containing the directory listing of the same directory: DIR c:\windows /o/a > c:\data\directories\windows.txt >> Appends the output from a command to the specified file. Syntax: Command >> Filename Note: If Filename does not exist, it is created. If Filename does exist, the output from the command is added to it (unlike the > function where the original contents are overwritten). Example: To add the directory listing of the files in the c:\windows\system directory to that created above: DIR c:\windows\system /o/a >> c:\data\directories\windows.txt < Directs input to a command from a source other than the default (the default source usually being the keyboard). Syntax: Command < Datasource Example: To sort the lines in a text file (c:\data\address list.txt) on the 12th character, the SORT command is fed input from the file: SORT /+12 < c:\data\address list.txt | The "pipe" redirects the output of a program or command to a second program or command. Syntax: Command1 | Command2 Example: To sort a directory listing based on the time the files were last modified, the output of a directory listing is piped to the SORT filter which sorts on the 39th character of each line: DIR c:\data\docs | SORT /+39 Note that if the output of the DIR command had been redirected to SORT /+39 using >, Dos would return an "invalid switch" error after attempting to create a file called Sort.

If you should have any comments or suggestions, please contact: Bob Watson. This page last revised: December 9, 1999.